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CHAPTER XII

verbs

§ 172. The OHG. verb has the following independent forms:—one voice (active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present tense, three verbal nouns (pres. infin., pres. participle, and gerund), and one verbal adjective (the past participle).

Conjugation.

§ 173. The OHG. verbs are divided into two great classes :—Strong and Weak. The latter form their preterite by the addition of the syllable -ta, and their past participle by means of a t-suffix ; the former form their pret. and past participle by vowel gradation (ablaut).

Ablaut is the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix, caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of accentuation. The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called ablaut-series. There are in OHG. six such series which appear most clearly in the various classes of the strong verbs. We are able to conjugate a strong verb when we know the four stems, as seen (1) in the infin. or 1. sg. pres. indic., (2) 1. sg. pret. indic., (3) 1. pl. pret. indic., (4) the past participle. By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at the following system:—

	i.	ii.	iii.	iv.
I.	ī, ī	ei, ē	i	i
II.	eo(io), iu	ou, ō	u	o
III.	i(ë), i	a	u	u, o
IV.	ë, i	a	ā	o
V.	ë, i	a	ā	ë
VI.	a, a	uo	uo	a

Note.—1. Under i. the first vertical column represents the vowels as they appear in the stem of the infinitive, and the second the vowels as they appear in the stem of the 1. sg. pres. indicative.

2. On the difference between eo(io) and iu, see § 56; i(ë) and i, see § 37, 1; ë and i, see § 44; ei and ē, see § 54; ou and ō, see § 55 ; u and o, see § 39.

3. Although the series of vowels is seen most clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs, the learner must not assume that ablaut occurs in strong verbs only. Every syllable of every word of whatever part of speech contains some form of ablaut. See Primer of the Gothic Language, chapter vii.

Besides these two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which will be treated under the general heading Minor Groups,

The strong verbs were originally further subdivided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The reduplication has, however, entirely disappeared in OHG. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes according to the six ablaut-series given above. The originally reduplicated verbs are put together here and called Class VII.

A. strong verbs

§ 174. The conjugation of nëman, to take, will serve as a model for all strong verbs.

	Present.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	nimu		nëme
2.	nim-is, (-ist)		nëm-ēs, (-ēst)
3.	nimit		name
Plur. 1.	nëm-emēs, (-ēm, ēn)		nëm-emēs, (-ēm, -ēn)
2.	nëmet		nëmet
3.	nëm-ant, (-ent)		nëmēn
	Imper.		Infin.
Sing. 2.	nim		nëm-an, (-en)
Plur. 1.	nëm-amēs, -emēs, (-ēm, -ēn)		Gerund.
2.	nëmet	Gen.	nëmannes
		Dat.	nëmanne
	Pres. Part. nëm-anti, (-enti)
	Preterite.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	nam		nāmi
2.	nāmi		nām-ī, (-īst)
3.	nam		nāmi
Plur. 1.	nām-umēs, (-um, -un)		nām-īmēs, (īm, -īn)
2.	nāmut		nāmīt
3.	nāmun		nāmin
	Past Part. ginoman

Note.—1. The ending -st of the 2. sg. does not occur in the oldest monuments; it arose partly from analogy with the preterite-present forms kanst, gitarst, &c., and partly from a false etymological division of the pronoun from the verb to which it was frequently attached enclitically, thus nimisþu > nimistu, from which nimist was extracted as the verbal form, cp. the similar process in OE.

2. The ending –mēs of the 1. pl. properly belongs to the present indic, and imperative, from which it was transferred by analogy to the 1. pl. subj. pres. and to the pret. indic, and subj.

3. The endings -ēm, -ēn of the 1. pl. belong properly to the subj. pres. only.

4. The ending -un of the 1. pl. pret. indic, arose regularly from older -um. See § 92.

5. The infin. ending -en is due to that of the weak verbs, Class I, where -en arose regularly. See § 91.

6. The 2. sg. pret. indic, has always the same stem-vowel as the pret. subj. and pret. pl. indic.

The above remarks have merely been made with a view of explaining the verbal forms with double endings. It must not, however, be assumed that the forms, which have remained unmentioned, were all regularly developed from the Germanic primitive language. Some of them were either OHG. new formations (e.g. a. pl. indic, and imper., the regular form of which would be *nimit), or had been modified in some way partly by analogy and partly by levelling, e.g. the e in nëmemēs, older form nëmamēs.

Ablaut-series.

§ 175. We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts will be found in the glossary referred to their proper class.

§ 176. Class I.

Infin.	Pret. Sg.		Pret. Pl.	P.P.
ī	ei ē	§ 54	i	I
bīitan, to wait	beit		bitun	gibitan
scrīban, to write	screib		scribun	giscriban
stīgan, to ascend	steig		stigun	gistigan
rīsan, to fall	reis		rirun	giriran
snīdan, to cut	sneid		snitun	gisnitan
spīwan, to vomit	spēo (spē)		spiwun	gispiwan
dīhan, to thrive	dēh		digun	gidigan
līhan, to lend	lēh		liwun	giliwan.

Note.—On the pret. spēo, spē, see § 90, and for the consonant changes § 87.

§ 177. Class II.

Infin.	Pres. Sg.	Pret. Sg.		Pret. Pl.	P.P.
io	iu	ou ō	§ 55	u	o
liogan, to lie	liugu	loug		lugun	gilogan
klioban, to cleave	kliubu	kloub		klubun	gikloban
biotan, to offer	biutu	bōt		butun	gibotan
kiosan, to choose	kiusu	kōs		kurun	gikoran
ziohan, to draw	ziuhu	zōh		zugun	gizogan

Here belong also—

sūfan, to sip, drink	sūfu	souf	suffun	gisoffan
sūgan, to suck	sūgu	soug	sugun	gisogan.

Note.—1. On the Upper German forms of the infin. with iu (liugan) see § 56. For kōs beside kurun, &c., see § 87.

2. Verbs of this class ending in w have iu throughout the present and ū in the pret, pl. and past participle, as kiuwan, to chew, kou (§ 90), kūwun, gikūwan; in the two last forms the w was often dropped.

1. sūfan, sūgan are properly aorist presents, like Greek τΰφω, τρίβω.

Class III.

§ 178. To this class belong all strong verbs having a medial nasal or liquid + consonant, and a few others in which the vowel is followed by two consonants other than nasal or liquid + consonant.

Those with nasal + consonant have i in the infin. and throughout the present (§ 37, 1) and u in the past participle (§ 39); the others have i in the sing. present (§§ 37, 2, 44), ë in the plural, and o in the past participle.

Infin.	Pres. Sg.	Pret. Sg.	Pret. Pl.	P.P.
i ë	i	a	u	u o
bintan, to bind	bintu	bant	buntun	gibuntan
rinnan, to run	rinnu	ran	runnun	girunnan
singan, to sing	singu	sang	sungun	gisungan
wërdan, to become	wirdu	ward	wurtun	wortan
stërban, to die	stirbu	starb	sturbun	gistorban
hëlfan, to help	hilfu	half	hulfun	giholfan
fëhtan, to fight	fihtu	faht	fuhtun	gifohtan
brëstan, to burst	bristu	brast	brustun	gibrostan

Note.—1. dwingan, to compel, has the pp. gidungan beside gi-dwungan.

2. biginnan, to begin, and bringan, to bring, have the weak preterites bigonta, bigonda, brāhta, beside the strong bigan, brang.

Class IV.

§ 179. To this class belong strong verbs whose stems end in a single liquid or nasal, and a few others.

Infin.	Pres.Sg.	Pret.Sg.	Pret.Pl.	P.P
ë	i	a	ā	o
nëman, to take	nimu	nam	nāmun	ginoman
bëran, to bear	biru	bar	bārun	giboran
hëlan, to hide	hilu	hal	hālun	giholan
stëlan, to steal	stilu	stal	stālun	gistolan
quëman, to come	quimu	quam	quāmun	quoman

Here belong also—

sprëchan, to speak	sprichu	sprah	sprāchun	gisprochan
brëchan, to break	brichu	brah	brāchun	gibrochan

Note.—-Beside the pp. quoman occurs also quēman, formed after the analogy of Class V. For initial quē-, qui-, Tatian has co-, cu-.

Class V.

§ 180. To this class belong all those verbs having ë, i in the present, and ending in other consonants than those in Classes III and IV.

Infin.	Pres.Sg.	Pret.Sg.	Pret.Pl.	P.P
ë	i	a	ā	o
gëban, to give	gibu	gab	gābun	gigëban
sëhan, to see	sihu	sah	sāhun	gisëhan
quëdan, to say	quidu	quad	quātun	giquëtan
ëžžan, to eat	ižžu	āž	āžun	gëžžan
wësan, to be	wisu	was	wārun
lësan, to read	lisu	las	lārun	gilëran
gëhan, to confess	gihu	jah	jāhun	gigëhan

Here belong also—

sitzen, to sit	sitzu	saž	sāžun	gisëžžan
bitten, to beg	bittu	bat	bātun	gibëtan
liggen, to lie down	liggu	lag	lāgun	gilëgan.

Note.—1. With the ā in āž;, cp. OE. etan, Lat. ēdere, to eat, beside OE. āēt, Lat. ēd-ī.

2. On gihu, gëhan, beside jah, see § 91.

3. sitzen from *sitjan, bitten from *bidjan (=Gothic bidjan), liggen from *ligjan. See § 80. The j belonged to the present only.

§ 181. Class VI.

Infin.	Pret.Sg.	Pret.Pl.	P.P
a	uo	a	o
faran, to go	fuor	fuorun	gifaran
tragan, to carry	truog	truogun	gitragan
wahsan, to grow	wuohs	wuohsun	giwahsan
slahan, to strike	sluog	sluogun	gislagan
stantan, to stand	stuont	stuontun	gistantan

Here belong also—

heffen, to raise	huob	huobun	-haban
skephen, to create	skuof	skuofun	giskaffan
swerien, to swear	swuor (suor)	swuorun suorun	gisworan

Note.—1. The 2. and 3.sg. pres. indic. have umlaut, see, however, § 43.

2. The pret. sg. sluog has been formed after the analogy of the pret. pl. The regular form sluoh still occurs in the oldest monuments.

3. stuont, stuontun, gistantan have the n in the stem from the present, cp. OE. standan, to stand, pret. stōd. Forms without n are occasionally found in OHG.; as pret. pl. forstuotun. For the shorter present forms, see § 204.

4. heffen from *hafjan (=Gothic hafjan, to raise, cp. Lat. capio) ; skephen from *skapjanC (=Gothic skapjan); swerien from *swarjan. See § 80. huob has its b from the pret. pl. and pp., the regular form would be *h-uof. The present tense of these three verbs follows the inflection of the -weak verbs, Class I.

5. The regular forms of the 2. and 3. sg, p?es. indie, and 2. sg. imperative of heffen were hevis, hevit, hevi ; for the v see § 7 under f. This v then became transferred to other forms of the present where it did not originally belong, e.g. infin. heven, pres. participle heventi. Similarly at a later period the b of the pret. pl. and pp. crept into the present, from which arose the Middle and Modern HG. form heben.

Class VII.

§ 182. To this class belong those verbs which had originally reduplicated preterites like e.g. Greek λέλοιπα or Gothic haldan, to hold, pret. sg. haíhald; lētan, to let, pret. sg. laílōt; flōkan, to complain, pret. sg. faíflōk; háitan, to call, pret. sg. haíháit; áukan, to increase, pret. sg. aíáuk.

The reduplication disappeared in OHG. through the reduplicated syllable undergoing contraction with the stem syllable. Five sub-classes are to be distinguished according as the present stem contains—

a = Prim. Germanic a, Gothic a

ā = „ „ āē „ ē

ei = „ „ ai „ ái

ou (ō § 55) = „ „ au „ áu

uo = „ „ ō „ ō.

Sub-classes 1, 2, 3.

§ 183. The preterite of the verbs belonging here contained the stem-vowel ē in the oldest state of the language. During the OHG. period this ē was developed to ie through the intermediate stages ea, ia, see § 50. Otfrid had ia, Tatian ie. The pret. sg. and plur. have the same stem-vowel.

Infin.	Pret. Sg.	P.P.
haltan, to hold	hialt	gihaltan
gangan, to go	giang	gigangan
fallan, to fall	fial	gifallan

Here belong properly also—

fāhan, to seize	fiang	gifangan
hāhan, to hang	hiang	gihangan

note.—1. On the last two verbs see §§ 36, 87.

2. The pret. intfiegun in Tatian for intfiengun was formed after the analogy of the present.

3. For the shorter presents of gangan see § 205.

Infin.	Pret. Sg.	P.P.
lažan, to let	liaž	gilažan
slāfan, to sleep	sliaf	gislāfan
rātan, to advise	riat	girātan
heižan, to call	hiaž	giheižan
skeidan, to sever	skiad	giskeidan
meižan, to cut	miaž	gimeižan

Sub-classes 4, 5.

§ 184. The preterite of these verbs in the oldest period of the language contained the diphthong eo, which became io (Otfrid ia) in the ninth century. Tatian has both eo and io.

Infin.	Pret. Sg.	P.P.
loufan, to run	liof	giloufan
houwan, to hew	hio	gihouwan
stōžan, to push	stiož	gistōžan
ruofan, to call	riof	giruofan

Note.—Upper German has the preterite forms liuf, hiu, and riuf.

B. weak verbs

§ 185. The weak verbs, which for the most part are derivatives, are divided into three classes according as the infinitive ends in -en (from older -jan, § 91), -ōn, -ēn (from older -ain).

Three stems are to be distinguished in the conjugation of weak verbs : the stem of the present, preterite, and the past participle, which mostly agrees with that of the preterite.

note.—The infinitive of Class I not unfrequently ends in -an (instead of -en), especially in the Upper German dialects. The ending -an was due to the analogy of the infinitive-ending of strong verbs.

1. First Weak Conjugation.

§ 186. The verbs of this conjugation are sub-divided into two classes: (a) those which had originally a short stem syllable; (b) polysyllabic verbs and those which had a long stem syllable.

Note.—A syllable is long when it contains a long vowel or diphthong, or a short vowel followed by two consonants belonging to the same syllable, thus e. g. slāf, sleep, stein, stone, gast, guest.

Class a.

§ 187. Formation of the Present stem. The present stem of these verbs became long (except in the 2. and 3. persons sg. pres. indic., and 2. pers. sg. imperative) by the West Germanic law of the doubling of consonants, see § 80. The j had already disappeared in these persons before the operation of this law, for which reason they have single consonants. The verbs, however, ending in one of the affricatae zz (tz), pf, or ck (cch) (= West Germanic tj, pj, hj), have extended these throughout the present and to the imperative 2. pers. sg.

Formation of the Preterite and Past Participle.

The j, which caused the doubling of the final consonants in the present stems, never existed in the preterite or past participle, so that these stems end in single consonants. The preterite has usually the ending -ita, but verbs, whose present stems end in one of the affricatae pf, zz (tz), or ck (cch) (= West Germanic pj, fj, hj), have the ending -ta in the preterite. Those whose present stems end in tt or ll (=West Germanic dj, lj), sometimes have the one ending and sometimes the other.

The past pasrticiple has two forms, the one called the uninflected, the other the inflected form. The uninflected form ends in –it. The inflected form ends in –itēr when the preterite ends in –ta. See § 148.

§ 188. The full conjugation of zellen, to tell, and nerien, to save, will serve as models for this class.

Present
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	zellu, neriu		zelle, nerie
2.	zel-is, ner-is, -ist		zell-ēs, neri-ēs; -ēst
3.	zelit, nerit		zelle, nerie
Plur. 1.	zell-emēs, neri-emēs; ēn		zell-ēm, neri-ēm; -ēn, emēs
2.	zellet, neriet		zellēt, neriēt
3.	zellent, nerient		zellēn, neriēn
	Imper.		Infin.
Sing. 2.	zeli, neri		zellen, nerien
			Gerund.
Plur. 1.	zell-emēs, neri-emēs; -ēn	Gen.	zellennes, neriennes
2.	zellet, neriet	Dat.	zellenne, nerienne
			Pres. Participle
			zellenti, nerienti
Preterite.
	Indic.			Subj.
Sing. 1.	zalta zelita, nerita			zalti, zeliti, neriti; -ī
2.	zalt-ōs zelit-ōs, nerit-ōs; -ōst			zalt-īs zelit-īs, nerit-īs; -īst
3.	zalta zelita, nerita			zalti zeliti, neriti; -ī
Plur. 1.	zalt-um zelit-um, nerit-um; -un, -umēs			zalt-īm zelit-īm, nerit-īm; -īn, -īmēs
2.	zaltut zelitut, neritut			zaltīt zelitīt, neritīt
3.	zaltun zelitun, neritun			zaltīn zelitīn, neritīn
	Past Participle
	gizalt gizelit, ginerit

Note.—1. On the personal endings see § 174, notes.

2. The forms neriu, neriet, &c., sometimes appear as nerru, nerret, &c.

3. After the analogy of zelis, zelit, the other forms of the present have single consonants in Tatian.

Class b

§ 189. The verbs of this class undergo no consonant changes in the present.

The preterite ends in -ta in the Upper German dialects and in Otfnd, while in Tatian it not infrequently ends in -ita. The past participle follows the same rule as the verbs under Class a.

Note.—1. Present stems ending in double consonants are simplified in the preterite, as brennen, to burn, pret. branta; kussen, to kiss, pret. kusta.

2. Verbs whose present stems end in a consonant + t have only one t in the preterite, as wenten, to turn, pret. wanta.

§ 190, The full conjugation of suochen, to seek, will serve as a model for this class.

Present
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	suochu		suoche
2.	suoch-is; -ist		suoch-ēs; -ēst
3.	suochit		suoche
Plur. 1.	suoch-emēs; -ēn		suoch-ēm; -ēn, -emēs
2.	suochet		suochēt
3.	suochent		suochēn
	Imper.		Infin.
Sing. 2.	suochi		suochen
			Gerund.
Plur. 1.	suoch-emēs; -ēn	Gen.	suochennes
2.	suochet	Dat.	suochenne
			Pres. Part.
			suochenti
Preterite.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	suochta		suocht; -ī
2.	suoht-ōs; -ōst		suoht-īs; -īst
3.	suohta		suohti; -ī
Plur. 1.	suoht-um; -un, -umēs		suoht-īm; -īn -īmēs
2.	suohtut		suohtīt
3.	suohtun		suohtīn
	Past Participle.
	gisuochit.

§ 191. The following verbs are irregular:—

Infin.		Pret.
denken, to think		dāhta (§ 74)
dunken, to seem		dūhta (§ 74)
furhten furihten	to be afraid	forhta forahta	(§§ 39, 63)
wurken, to work		worhta (worahta) (§§ 39, 63)

2. Second Weak Conjugation.

§192. Present.

	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	salbōm; -ōn, I anoint		salbo
2.	salbōs(t)		salbōs(t)
3.	salbōt		salbo
Plur. 1.	salbōmēs, salbōn		salb-ōm; -ōn, -ōmēs
2.	salbōt		salbōt
3.	salbōnt		salbōn
	Imper.		Infin.
Sing. 2.	salbo		salbōn
			Gerund.
Plur. 1.	salbōmēs; salbōn	Gen.	salbōnnes
2.	salbōt	Dat.	salbōnne
			Pres. Part.
			salbōnti
Preterite.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	salbōta		salbōti; -ī
	[&c., like suohta]		[&c., like suohti]
	Past Part. gisalbōt

Note.—The 1. pl. pres. indic, and imper. and the whole of the subj-present have also longer forms salbōēn, subj. salbōe, &c., in the Upper German dialects.

8. Third Weak Conjugation.

§193. Present.

	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	habēm; -ēn, I have		habe
2.	habēs(t)		habēs(t)
3.	habēt		habe
Plur. 1.	habēmēs; habēn		habēm; -ēn, habēmēs
2.	habēt		habēt
3.	habēnt		habēn
	Imper.		Infin.
Sing. 2.	habe		habēn
			Gerund.
Plur. 1.	habēmēs; habēn	Gen.	habēnnes
2.	habēt	Dat.	habēnne
			Pres. Part.
			habēnti
Preterite.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing. 1.	habēta		habēti; -ī
	[&c., like suohta]		[&c., like suohti]
	Past Part. gihabēt

Note.—1. Longer forms occur, habēēn, habēe, as in the second conjugation.

3. Forms like hebis, hebit; segis, segit; hebita, segita, are due to a contamination with verbs of the first conjugation.

MINOR GROUPS

A. Preterite-presents

§ 194. These verbs have strong preterites with a present meaning, like Gk. οίδα, Lat. nōvī, I know, from which new weak preterites have been formed. The 2. sg. ends in -t and has the same stem-vowel as the 1. and 3. sg. The following verbs belong to this class:—

§ 195. I. Ablaut-series.

Weiž, I know, 2. sg. weist; 1. pl. wižžun (-umēs), subj. wižži; pret. wissa (wëssa, wësta); infin. wižžan; pres. part. wižžanti; pp. giwižžan.

Pl. eigun, we have, eigut, eigun; subj. eigi, pp. eigan, own, as adj. only. The other forms of this verb are wanting.

§ 196. II. Ablaut-series.

3. sg, toug, it avails, 3. pl. tugun ; pret. 3. sg. tohta; pres. part. toganti, inf. wanting.

§ 197. III. Ablaut-series.

An, I grant, pl. unnun, subj. unni, pret. onda (onsta), inf. unnan.

kan, I can, know, 2. sg. kanst, pi. kunnun, subj. kunni pret. konda (konsta); inf. kunnan ; pres. part. kunnanti.

darf, I need, 2. sg. darft, pl. durfun, subj. durfi, pret. dorfta, inf. durfan.

gi-tar, I dare, 2. sg. gitarst, pl. giturrun, subj. giturri, pret. gitorsta, inf. and pres. part. wanting, pp. gitorran.

§ 198. IV. Ablaut-series.

skal, I shall, 2. sg. scalt, pl. sculun, subj. sculi; pret. scolta, inf. scolan, pres. part. scolanti.

Note.—Some forms of this verb occur occasionally without c, e.g. Tatian sal, solta, cp. the NHG. forms and OE. sceal, beside Mod. Northern Engl. dial., sal.

§ 199. V. Ablaut-series.

mag, I may, can 2. sg. maht, pl. magun (mugun), subj. megi (mugi), pret. mahta (mohta), inf. magan (mugan), pres. part. maganti (muganti).

VI. Ablaut-aeries.

§ 200. muož, I may, must, 2. sg. muost, pl. muožun, subj. muoži, pret. muosa, infin. and pres. part. wanting.

B. Verbs in -mi

§ 201. The 1. pers. sg. pres. indic, of the Indo-Germanic verb ended either in -ō or in -mi (cp. the Greek verbs in -ω and -μι, like φέρω and τίθημι, &c.). To the verbs in -ō belong all the regular Germanic verbs; of the verbs in -mi only scanty remains have been preserved; they are distinguished by the fact that the 1. pers. sg. pres. indic. ends in -m which became -n in OHG. in the ninth century. Here belong the following OHG. verbs :—

§ 202. 1. The Substantive Verb.

Present
	Indic.	Subj.
Sing. 1.	bim, bin	sī
2.	bist, bis	sīs, sīst
3.	ist	sī
Plur. 1.	birum, birun	sīm (sīn)
2.	birut	sīt
3.	sint	sīn

The other forms are supplied from wësan (§ 180), thus:

imper., 2. sg. wis, pl. wëset, inf. wësan, pres. part. wësanti, pret. 1., 3. sg. was, 2. sg. wāri, pl. wārun.

Note.—1. The subj. pres. and the indic. 3. sg. ist, 3. pl, sint were formed from the root es-. The forms with b probably arose from a contamination of the root es- with the root bheu- (=Lat. fu-). The regular forms would have been *im, *is, *irum (*irun), *irut.

2. The inf. form sīn was an OHG. new formation.

§ 203. 2. The Verb tuon, to do.

Indicative	Oldest Form.	Tatian.	Otfrid.
Sing. 1.	tōm	tuon	duan
2.	tōs	tuos(t), tūis	duas(t), duis(t)
3.	tōt	tuot	duat, duit
Plur. 1.	tōmēs	tuomēs, tuon	duen
2.	tōt	tuot	duet
3.	tōnt	tuont	duent, daunt
Subjunctive
Sing. 1. 3.	tō	tuo (tuoe, tuoa, tue)	due
2.	tōs	tūēs	duest
Plur. 1.	tōm		duen
2.	tōt	tuot
3.	tōn	tuon
Imperative
Sing. 2.	tō	tuo	dua
Plur. 1.	tōmēs	tuomēs	duemēs
2.	tōt	tuot	duet, duat
Infin.	tōn	tuon	duan
Ger. Dat.	tōnne	tuonne	duanne.
Participle	tōnti	tuonti

The preterite of tuon is inflected like a verb of the fifth ablaut-series, except that the 1. and 3. sg.have reduplication tëta. The forms are:—

Indic. Sing. 1., 3. tëta, 2. tāti.

„ Plur. tātum, -un, tātut, tātun.

Subj. Sing 1., 3. tāti, 2. tātīs(t), &c.

Past Participle gitān.

3. The Verbs gān (gēn), to go, and stān (stēn), to stand.

§ 204. The strong verbs gangan (§ 183) and stantan (§ 181), which regularly form their preterites giang, stuont, have beside these short present forms.

The Alemanic dialect has the forms gān, stān, while the Bavarian and the Franconlan dialects have mostly the forms gēn, stēn.

§ 205. The full conjugation of gān (gēn) will serve for both verbs.

Indicative			Subjunctive
Sing. 1.	gām, gān;	gēm, gēn	gē
2.	gās(t)	gēs(t)	gēs(t)
3.	gāt;	gēt	gē
Plur. 1.	gāmēs, gān;	gēmēs, gēn	gēn
2.	gāt;	gēt	gēt
3.	gānt;	gēnt	gēn
Imperative			Infinitive
Sing. 2.	[gang]		gān; gēn
			Gerund
Plur.1.	gāmēs; gēmēs, gēn		Gen. gānnes
2.	gāt; gēt		Dat. gānne
			Pres. Participle
			gānti; gēnti

note.—The 2. sg. indic. is in Otfrid geist, steist, and the 3. sg. mostly geit, steit.

4. The Verb (will).

§ 206. The present tense of this verb was originally an optative (subjunctive) form of a verb in -mi, used indicatively, cp. Gothic wiljáu. To this was formed a new subjunctive and a weak preterite.

Present
		Indicative.	Subjunctive.
Sing. 1.		willu (wille, willa)	welle
2.		wili (wilis)	wellēs(t)
3.		wili (wilit)	welle
Plur. 1.		wellemēs, wellēn	wellēmēs, wellēn
2.		wellet	wellēt
3.		wellent	wellēn
		Infin.	Pres. Part.
		wellen	wellenti
Preterite.
	Indicative.			Subjunctive.
Sing. 1.	wolta			wolti; -ī
	[&c., like suohta]			[&c., like suohti]

Note.—The present forms of this verb, which have the stem-vowel e, have o in the Franconian dialects after the analogy of the preterite, thus inf. wollen, &c.

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